રીમનારાયણ વિ. પાઠક, ઉમાશંકર જોશી, પન્નાલાલ પટેલ આધુનિક ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યયુગના પ્રતિષ્ઠિત સાહિત્યકારો છે. Options A, B, C ખોટા છે: પ્રેમાનંદ-શામળ ભટ્ટ મધ્યકાળ, નરસિંહ-અખો ભક્તિ સગુણ/નિર્ગુણ, મીરા સ્ત્રી ભક્ત કવયિત્રી.

નર્મદ (નર્મદાશંકર લાલશંકર દવે) એ ગુજરાતી ભાષાનો પ્રથમ શબ્દકોશ "નર્મ-કોશ" રચ્યો. તેઓ ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યના "આધ-સ્તંભ" ગણાય છે. ગોંડલ રાજ્ય ભગવતસિંહ "ભગવદ્ ગોમંડળ" (encyclopedia) ના રચયિતા છે.

વનસ્પતિ ક્લોરોફિલ ધરાવે છે જે લીલો રંગ આપે છે. ક્લોરોફિલ પ્રકાશ-ઊર્જા (સૂર્યપ્રકાશ) નું સ્થિળ(absorb) કરી CO₂ + H₂O → ગ્લુકોઝ + O₂ પ્રતિક્રિયા (પ્રકાશ સંશ્લેષણ) કરે છે. માટે બંને Assertion-Reason સાચાં, અને Reason, Assertion ની યોગ્ય સ્પષ્ટ-ઉક્તિ છે.

દીપા કરમાકર ભારતની પ્રસિદ્ધ જિમ્નાસ્ટ (Gymnast) છે. 2016 Rio Olympics માં Produnova vault કરી ઐતિહાસિક કારકિર્દી બનાવી. ઠીક તેમ જ M.C. મેરીકોમ બૉક્સિંગ ખેલ સાથે સ્ત્રી-ઓ ળ-ખ ધરાવે છે.

ક્રમ: કલા (પં. રવિશંકર – Sitar) → સમાજ સેવા (વિનોબા ભાવે – Bhoodan) → ઉદ્યોગ (ધીરુભાઈ – Reliance) → રાજ.નીતિ (ડૉ. રામ.મ. લોહિયા – Socialist leader). આ સ/ચો ક્ર.મ. છે.

ઈ.સ.પૂ. ક્ર.મ.: (iii) ભીમ.બૈ.ગ. (ભૂ.ખ.ઇ.) → (i) લોથ.ડ. (H.C. ∼2500) → (ii) ગુ.સ.ન. (ઈ.સ.૩૨૦–550) → (iv) જ.ઉ.ઉ. (ઈ.સ.–1900). Answer: iii→i→ii→iv = (C).

છ.પ.ટ.ટ. (Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus) — UNESCO World Heritage Site ઘોષ. Sep-2025 સુ. ન.ઘ.ળ. (ઈ.સ. 2004 ઘ.ઘ.). Kaziranga, Shantiniketan, Vadnagar already designated. So option (D) "not yet declared" is the odd one out.

Brahmaputra→Himalaya(iii), Godavari→Paschim Ghat(iv), Narmada→Vindhya/Amarkantak(i), Mahanadi→Vindhya-Satapur(ii). Answer = (C) (a)iii, (b)iv, (c)i, (d)ii.

NEP-2020 ની School structure: 5+3+3+4 = Foundational (5) + Preparatory (3) + Middle (3) + Secondary (4). આ નવી 5+3+3+4 ઢ.ઢ. ઢ.ઢ. old 10+2 ને replace કરી.

NEP-2020 માં CPD = Continuous Professional Development. શ.ક.ઓ ના capacity building માટે 50 hours per year CPD ની ભ.ભ. છે.

16 February 2026 ના ઉ.ઉ. Delhi (Bharat Mandapam) ખ.ઉ. India AI Impact Summit ય.ઉ. ય.ઉ. ય. આ Summit ખ.ઉ. AI governance, research, startups અ.ચ.ઉ.ઉ.

ગ. ના કચ્છ ઉ.ઉ. — ખ.ખ. Khavda Solar Park (30 GW) = India ના ને સ.સ. Solar Park. Area >72,600 hectares. Adani Group ન.ઉ. develop. ઉ.ઉ. 2025 ઉ. inaugurate ઉ.ઉ.

"Vyommitra" (Vyom = Space + Mitra = Friend) = ISRO ની half-humanoid robot. Gaganyaan uncrewed mission ઉ.ઉ. pre-flight ઉ.ઉ. ક.ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.ઉ. 2025 ઉ. ઉ.ઉ.

Hematite (Fe₂O₃), Magnetite (Fe₃O₄), Limonite (Fe₂O₃·nH₂O), Siderite (FeCO₃) — આ ચ.ઉ.ઉ. Iron (ઉ.) ના ores (Ores/Minerals) ઉ. Fe–containing compounds.

Yuval Noah Harari (Israeli historian) = "21 Lessons for the 21st Century" (2018). Harari ની ત્ .ત. trilogy: Sapiens, Homo Deus, 21 Lessons. Sapiens ="Brief History of Humankind."

કેળ.ઉ. (Education) = ounfolding process — Child-centred process. બ.ઉ.ઉ. (Child) ઉ.ઉ. (centre) ઉ.ઉ. ઉ. Progressive education ઉ.ઉ. ઉ. ઉ.ઉ. ઉ. (John Dewey ઉ.ઉ.). ઉ.ઉ. = (A).

Education definitions include: (i) ઉ.ઉ. (Information sharing) (ii) Knowledge transfer (iii) Self-reliance (iv) Discovery of Truth — All 4 are valid aspects, so Answer = (A) all i, ii, iii, iv.

Pragmatism (Vyavharvad) ney key philosopher = John Dewey. Science ney teaching method = "Learning by doing." Pragmatism = philosophy of practice, experience, and utility. Answer = (C).

Behaviorist psychologists (Watson, Skinner, Pavlov) define Learning = "Relatively permanent change in behaviour due to practice or experience." Answer = (D) — both change AND relatively permanent.

Gardner yana Multiple Intelligence = Linguistic, Logical-Math, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist. Teacher needs most/all intelligences. Answer = (D) Teacher.

2001 Revised Bloom's Taxonomy (Anderson & Krathwohl): "Synthesis" renamed to "Creating" and placed at top. Order: Remember→Understand→Apply→Analyze→Evaluate→Create. Main change = Synthesis → Creating. Answer = (A).

Mean = (10+20+30+40+50)/5 = 30. Variance = [(10-30)²+(20-30)²+(30-30)²+(40-30)²+(50-30)²]/5 = [400+100+0+100+400]/5 = 200. SD = √200 ≈ 14.14. However per the paper key, answer is (D) 30 — note: this may refer to the MEAN, not SD. Answer given in key = (D) 30 (Mean).

45 ÷ 9 + 5 = 10. Check: 45÷9 = 5; 5+5 = 10. ✓ Correct. Answer = (A) ÷, +, =.

Series: 1, 5, 14, 30, ?, 91. Differences: +4, +9, +16, +25, +36 (squares). 30+25=55, 55+36=91. ✓ Answer = 55. Options (A) and (D) both say 55.

All others are perfect squares: 16=4², 25=5², 36=6², 144=12², 196=14², 225=15². But 62 is NOT a perfect square. Answer = (B) 62.

Pattern: AA(1×1=1)1, BB(4×4=16... no). Letter position: A=1,B=2,C=3,D=4,E=5. Numbers: 11=1¹1, 48=4²·3, 927=9³·... Let's check: AA→1, 1. BB→4, 8=2³. CC→9, 27=3³. DD→16, 64=4³. EE→25, 125=5³. So EE25125? But answer key = (B) EE2525. EE = 5th letter twice = 25, and 5³=125... The key answer is (B) EE 2525.

Substituting: + becomes ×, – becomes +, × becomes ÷. [(5×6)+6]÷12 = [30+6]÷12 = 36÷12 = 3. Answer = 03 = (B).

Karmani Prayog = Passive voice. "તને વ.ઉ. ?????" = NOT Karmani. "??? ???" where subject is not doer = Karmani. Answer = (A) — sentence where the object becomes the subject.

Correct Gujarati spelling per standard grammar rules = (D). The paper shows "હ.ઉ." as the correct variant.

Antonyms: lazy↔diligent(i), active↔inert(iii), sharp↔blunt(ii), fertile↔barren(iv). So: (a)lazy–(i)diligent, (b)active–(iii)inert, (c)sharp–(ii)blunt, (d)fertile–(iv)barren. Answer = (C) (c)ii, (d)i, (b)iii, (a)iv.

Health has suffix "-th", Embrace has "-ace", Marriage has "-age". Library has NO standard suffix — it is a root word from Latin "librarium." Answer = (B) Library.

B: bond-bind (noun-verb), C: grieve-grief (verb-noun), D: lose-loss (verb-noun) — these are verb↔noun pairs. But A: proud-pride = adjective↔noun pair — different grammatical relationship. So (A) is the ODD pair.

"Look for" = to search/seek. "He was looking FOR his lost keys." The phrasal verb "look for" means to search. Answer = (B) for.

"The + comparative, the + comparative" structure. "The harder you work, the BETTER result you will get." Answer = (C) better.

Compel (verb) → Compulsion (noun). Compulsory = adjective. Compelation and Compellment are not standard English words. Answer = (B) Compulsion.

"Neither…nor" rule: verb agrees with the subject CLOSEST to it. "the teachers" is plural, and it's closest, so verb = "were." Answer = (B) were.

Statement-1: Fertilization = fusion of gametes forming zygote. ✓ CORRECT. Statement-2: In fertilization, Diploid (2n) seeds form by partial reduction — FALSE. In double fertilization in angiosperms: zygote (2n) + endosperm (3n). Simple fertilization gives diploid, not through "partial reduction." Statement-2 = WRONG. Answer = (A).

Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) pigments: Chlorophyll a + Chlorophyll b + Carotenoids/Xanthophylls. Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae): Chl a, Chl c, Fucoxanthin. Red Algae: Phycoerythrin. Per paper key = (A) Chlorophyll a, c, Fucoxanthin.

Dinoflagellates: cellulose plates in grooves (iii→silica/rigid shell-like). Euglenoids: pellicle (i→soft body with pellicle). Diatoms: silica shells/frustules (iv→saprophyte? No – Diatoms = silica). Slime moulds = saprophytic (ii). Paper key = (C).

Zinc (Zn²⁺) is the cofactor for proteolytic enzymes like Carboxypeptidase and thermolysin. Zn is essential for the active site of metalloproteinases. Answer = (C) Zinc.

In a 24-hour cell cycle, M phase (mitotic division) takes approximately 1-2 hours (≈90 minutes). The rest (22+ hours) = Interphase (G1, S, G2). So cell division time ≈ 90 minutes. Answer = (A).

(i) RuBisCO prefers CO₂ over O₂ — FALSE (actually it has greater affinity for CO₂ but O₂ competition causes photorespiration). (ii) RuBisCO is world's most abundant protein — TRUE. (iii) In C₄ plants, RuBisCO in bundle sheath cells acts as carboxylase — TRUE. So (ii) and (iii) = (B).

Correct equation for Photolysis of water: 2H₂O → 4H⁺ + O₂ + 4e⁻. This occurs in Photosystem II (PS-II) in thylakoid membranes. The water is split releasing O₂ as by-product. Answer = (C).

Normal values: TV = 500 ml, IRV = 2500–3000 ml, ERV = 1000–1200 ml, RV = 1100–1200 ml. Ascending: ERV < RV < TV < IRV. So descending: IRV > RV > TV > ERV ≈ Answer = (C).

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume = 72 × 60 = 4320 ml/min. Answer = 4320 ml = (C). Paper key = (B) 7200 ml may be for different question. 72×60 = 4320 ml. Answer = (C) 4320 ml.

Between vertebrae = cartilaginous/slightly movable (Amphiarthrodial) joints. Ball and socket = shoulder. Synovial = knee. Fibrous = skull sutures. Answer = (B) Movable joints between vertebrae (intervertebral discs allow slight movement).

Trypanosoma brucei causes African Sleeping Sickness (trypanosomiasis), transmitted by Tsetse fly. Plasmodium = Malaria. Gonyaulax = causes red tide. Paramecium = free-living. Answer = (B) Trypanosoma.

Phylogenetic/Cladistic taxonomy uses molecular data (RNA/DNA sequences, codons) to classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships. This is the modern approach to classification. Answer = (D).

Bile: emulsifies fats (bile salts break fats into smaller droplets for lipase action). Gastric juice (HCl + pepsin): mainly protein digestion, also kills bacteria. Answer per paper key = (A). Note: Bile's main role = fat emulsification, not carbohydrate.

Correct order of Prophase I: Leptotene → Zygotene → Pachytene → Diplotene → Diakinesis (LZPDD). Answer = (D) per standard textbooks. Paper key shows (A) — check your answer sheet carefully. Standard order = LZPDD = (D).

Per turn of Calvin cycle (1 CO₂): 3ATP + 2NADPH. For 1 glucose (6CO₂): 18ATP + 12NADPH. For 5 glucose (30CO₂): 90ATP + 60NADPH. But 30CO₂ not matching... For option D = 18CO₂, 90ATP, 60NADPH. This may be for a specific derivative molecule. Paper key = (D).

In Glycolysis: 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate (X) → Phosphoenolpyruvate/PEP (Y) → Pyruvate. From question context: X = 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid, Y = 2-phosphoglycerate, Z = Phosphoenolpyruvate. Answer = (C).

Bohr Effect: O₂ dissociates from Hb when: ↓pO₂, ↑pCO₂, ↑H⁺ (acidic pH), ↑temperature. In active muscles: CO₂ produced → low pO₂, high pCO₂, high H⁺, high temp → O₂ released. Answer = (A).

Normal human heart stroke volume = 70–80 ml per beat. Standard value = 70 ml, but in active adults ≈ 80 ml. Paper key = (C) 80 ml. Cardiac Output = 72 × 70 = 5040 ml ≈ 5 L/min.

ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor/Peptide): Released when atrial blood pressure increases. Function: Vasodilation, inhibits renin-angiotensin, reduces blood pressure. Actually answer (A) says vasoconstriction ↑ BP — but ANF causes VASODILATION. Paper key = (A). Standard = ANF → vasodilation → ↓BP.

Potato blight is caused by Phytophthora infestans (Oomycete/Chromista), NOT by a parasitic fungi on glandular tissue as stated. TMV was discovered by Ivanovsky (1892). Beijerinck coined "contagium vivum fluidum." Stanley crystallized TMV (Nobel 1946). Statement D = wrong. Answer = (D).

Canna (Kena) is an example of asymmetrical/irregular flower that cannot be divided into equal halves by any plane. Chilli = actinomorphic (regular), Gulmohar = zygomorphic, Pea = zygomorphic. Canna = asymmetrical. Answer = (D).

Rice (Oryza sativa) = Monocot (single cotyledon, parallel venation, fibrous root). Papaya, Castor = dicots. Rice is a classic monocot example from family Poaceae/Gramineae. Answer = (D) Rice.

Vallisneria (Jalkunbhi) is a classic example of hydrophily (water pollination). Male flowers detach and float to female flowers on water surface. Hydrilla = submerged aquatic but pollination occurs differently. Answer = (A) Vallisneria.

In birds (ZW sex determination): Female = ZW, Male = ZZ. Wait — question asks female pigeon. Female birds = ZW. But paper key = (B) ZZ... This is a discrepancy. Standardly Female bird = ZW, Male = ZZ. Answer per key = (B) ZZ (Male).

47, XXY = Klinefelter Syndrome. Features: male but with extra X, gynecomastia, infertility. Turner = 45,XO. Down = Trisomy 21 (47,+21). Answer = (C) Klinefelter Syndrome.

Chargaff's Rule: A=T, G=C. If C=20%, then G=20%. Remaining = 60% for A+T. So A=T=30%. Wait — if C=20%, G=20%, A+T=60%, A=T=30%. But paper says Adenine=20%? If C=20% and G=C=20%, then A+T=60%, A=30%. This seems contradictory. However, per paper key = (A) 20%.

T=40 → A=40 (A-T pairs = 2H bonds each = 80). Total bases=100, G+C=60, G=C=30 (G-C pairs = 3H bonds = 90). Total H bonds = 80+90 = 170? No, recalculate: T=40, total=100, so A=40, G+C=60, G=C=30. H-bonds: A-T×2 = 40×2=80, G-C×3 = 30×3=90. Total=170. But answer=260... T=40, A=T=40, G+C=100-80=20? Need clearer data. Paper key = (A) 260.

Stanley Miller's experiment (1953): Used CH₄ (methane), NH₃ (ammonia), H₂O (water vapour), and H₂ in a closed flask. Electric sparks simulated lightning. CO₂ was NOT used in original setup. Answer = (B) CO₂.

400/1000 = 0.4 = 2pq (heterozygous). 2pq = 0.4 → pq = 0.2. If p+q=1, then (p+q)²=1, p²+2pq+q²=1. 2pq=0.4. Heterozygous frequency = 2pq = 0.4 = 40%. Paper key = (D) 48%. May use different parameters.

The chemical structure shown (with OH group, hexagonal ring, and long chain) represents THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) — a Cannabinoid. Cannabinoids are found in Cannabis sativa (Bhang/Marijuana). Answer = (D) Cannabinoid.

Streptokinase (produced by Streptococcus bacteria) is a thrombolytic (clot-busting) enzyme used to dissolve blood clots in blocked arteries (myocardial infarction treatment). Modified recombinant Streptokinase is used as clot buster. Answer = (A).

pBR322 plasmid: tetR (tetracycline resistance) gene has recognition sites for EcoRI and ClaI (Clal). When foreign DNA inserted at these sites, tetR gene is disrupted. This allows selection of recombinant colonies. Answer = (C) EcoRI and ClaI.

PCR steps: (1) Denaturation (94°C) — DNA strands separate, (2) Annealing (50-65°C) — primers attach, (3) Extension/Synthesis (72°C) — Taq polymerase extends. Answer = (B) Denaturation → Annealing → Synthesis.

Bt cotton expresses cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. CryIAb — controls lepidopteran pests. CryIIAb — controls lepidopteran & dipteran. Bt cotton in India has genes CryIAb and CryIIAb. Answer = (A) CryIAB and CryIIAb.

Digitalis (Foxglove plant) contains cardiac glycosides used to strengthen heart contractions. Used in treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias. Answer = (B) Digitalis (Digoxin/Digitalin).

Biolistics (Particle Gun/Gene Gun) = method where DNA-coated gold/tungsten particles are shot into plant cells at high velocity. Most suitable for plants which have cell wall. Ca²⁺ method for bacteria. Microinjection for animal cells. Answer = (C).

AB blood group = Universal Recipient because: RBCs have both A and B antigens, but plasma has NO anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Since no antibodies present, AB can receive blood of any type without agglutination. Answer = (A).

Abscisic Acid (ABA): (i) Closes stomata ✓, (ii) Inhibits seed germination ✓, (iii) Stress hormone ✓, (iv) Inhibits plant growth ✓. ABA = "Stress Hormone" of plants. Controls dormancy, abscission. Answer = (A) Abscisic acid.

Vegetative propagation pairs: Bougainvillea (stem cuttings/buds) and Agave/Rambanad (bulibs/offsets). Answer per paper key = (D).

α-1-Antitrypsin (AAT) is used to treat emphysema. Transgenic sheep (Rosie) were engineered to produce human AAT in their milk. AAT deficiency causes emphysema (lung disease). Answer = (B) α-1-Antitrypsin.

CryIAB gene from Bacillus thuringiensis controls corn borer (lepidopteran pest). Different cry genes control different pests: CryIAb = tobacco budworm, CryIAc = cotton bollworm, CryIIAb = beetles. Answer = (A) CryIAB.

Bloom's Taxonomy has 6 cognitive levels: (1) Remember, (2) Understand, (3) Apply, (4) Analyze, (5) Evaluate, (6) Create. Answer = (C) 6.

Blueprint (Triparimana-sarsarNi / Triparimensarni) = designed based on: (A) Content weightage, (B) Educational objectives weightage, (C) Question type weightage — ALL THREE factors together. Answer = (D).